Television's Forgotten First Decade

The 1950's and early 60's is referred to as TV's Golden Age in America and it is assumed by most people, especially Americans, that TV is itself an American invention and that the first TV broadcasts were in America after World War two. But this is far from being true. There were in fact fully functioning television broadcasts starting in the 1930's and the broadcasting in Europe was in fact more advanced in some ways than that of that in the USA.

The first successful TV experiments came as early as 1902 to 1907 from inventor Arthur Korn was able to broadcast black and white images. They were still images only and had no sound but he had proved that some form of television was possible. It would take another twenty years for Scottish inventor John Logie Baird to figure out a way to reproduce moving images as well as adding sound. His first TV set built in late 1923 was a comically jerry-rigged affair made from an old tea chest, a hat box, a pair of scissors, some darning needles with lenses made from bicycle lights with the whole contraption held together with glue and sealing wax. It may have looked like something Rube Goldberg had tossed away but it was able to transmit and display moving silhouette images, albeit with no sound. The images moved very slowly and jerkily at about five images per second, rather like very crude animation. It was not terribly safe though and Baird managed to get a powerful shock that burned his hand.

In March 1925 Baird began the first public demonstrations using the London store Selfridges for three weeks. Besides moving silhouettes he was able to broadcast a moving ventriloquist dummy named "Stooky Bill". He was finally able to broadcast a moving human face which he did by grabbing a passing office boy named William Edward Taynton who became the first person to appear on TV.

A WORKING EARLY 1930's MECHANICAL DISK TELEVISION;


In 1926 he repeated the experiment with improved resolution of 12.5 pictures per second. He had also added sound. In 1927 Baird was able to broadcast long distance from London to Glasgow by using the phone-lines. In 1928 he made the first trans-Atlantic broadcasts from London to Hartsdale, New York. Also in 1928 (he was a busy guy) Baird demonstrated a system of recording and broadcasting on disks, in effect the first DVD's which he called "Phonovison". By 1928 he had even worked out a system for colour pictures.

In 1929 Baird was ready for regular public broadcasting and started up the Baird Televison Development Company. Working with BBC radio he aired the first drama; a short one act play called "The Man With The Flower In His Mouth" originally written in 1922 by Luigi Pirandello and starring Earle Grey, Lionel Millard and Gladys Young with sets by Futurist painter C.R. Nevinson. The play was directed by BBC radio director Val Gielgud and was probably chosen due to it's extreme simplicity; it had only three actors and one set and it consisted mostly of dialogue with no action and only a few different camera shots. In fact the play was probably originally used as a radio play by BBC. Among the viewers of this broadcast were British Prime Minister (and fellow Scot) Ramsey MacDonald after Baird had installed a new TV at 10 Downing Street. Baird also broadcast music by singer Bolton (which does survive) and in 1931 the first live sports event with a broadcast of the Epsom Derby. By 1930 Baird had expanded in to France and had done demonstration broadcasts of varying lengths in Berlin and Stockholm.

JOHN LOGIE BAIRD'S MECHANICAL 30 LINE TV IN ACTION 1936 (W/SINGER BETTY BOLTON);


In spite of Baird's success "mechanical" television was doomed to fail. The images were still jumpy and blurry and certainly far less clear than the movie images people were used to. As for the sets themselves; besides being expensive, the complicated system of spinning wheels and mirrors was simply too unwieldy, it also tended to break down and heat up dangerously and electric shocks were common. The cameras and transmitters required a massive and complicated collection of wires, cables and developer tanks, which in turn required a huge studio space which added to the cost. By the mid 1930's developments in America were proving that another method of broadcasting would be more efficient, cheaper and would give a better quality picture. Philo Farnsworth's "Electric Dissector" would make Baird's mechanical TV obsolete. Attempts to update Baird's technology came to an abrupt end when a fire destroyed his laboratory in 1937, World War Two shut down any further experiments anyway.

"THE MAN WITH THE FLOWER IN HIS MOUTH" ~ 1930 TV PLAY;


(NOTE: there are a couple versions of this on youtube which incorrectly list it as the original 1930 version. It is in fact a shorter 1967 remake which used the same technology and sets, the original half hour version has been lost)

As we can see Baird's TV's were substantially different from those of today. He used a spinning metal disk which projected through a series of revolving mirrors to create an image onto a tiny screen and which was synched with another disk for sound. The resulting black and white image was blurry and jumpy but visible and it had sound, which films did not yet have. This new invention was deemed interesting by engineers but at first had little investment for further development. TV; if broadcast through telephone lines, as the first models were, would require a major increase in the number of phone lines. If on the other hand open air wireless radio frequencies were used, as was assumed for the future, TV would require a cluster of signals, not just one as radio did. Industry was not yet ready for that kind of investment when the still new radio was becoming wildly profitable. At the same time governments were not eager to tackle the problem of sorting out the potential battles over licensing frequencies.

Baird also claimed other inventions with various degrees of success. He developed a crude system of radar in 1926 which he patented and called "Noctovision" which would later be superseded by true radar by the outbreak of World War Two. Baird was always happy to share information with other scientists and inventors in the name of scientific discovery including German, Russian, Italian and Japanese scientists including his "Noctovision" and it has long been suspected that the British Secret Service was actually responsible for burning down his laboratory in 1937 to prevent their potential enemies from working out a radar system of their own. Baird's attempts to create artificial diamonds from heating graphite only succeeded in shorting out the entire power supply in Glasgow. His rust-resistant glass razors kept shattering and his pneumatic soled shoes kept deflating. He did however patent a successful thermal undersock. He died of a stroke in 1946. He has since been named one of the "100 Greatest Britons" in a nationwide vote and one of the "10 Greatest Scottish Scientists and Inventors".

JOHN LOGIE BAIRD DEMONSTRATES HIS MECHANICAL TELEVISION FOR NEWSREELS IN 1937;


TELEVISION IN AMERICA;

In America experiments were taking place by 1923 when Francis Jenkins broadcast a still photo of President Warren Harding from his lab in Wheaton, Maryland to another in Philadelphia. At this point the blurry still images were in black and white on a very small screen and could not move, nor was there sound. By 1926 Herbert Ives of Bell Telephone had figured out how to broadcast a moving image, starting with short films and the first live broadcast of an entertainer, namely a tap dancer atop of Bell's office tower. There was still no sound and the images were quite blurry owing to the fact that these early TV cameras filmed only 48 line resolution as opposed to the 525 lines that would later become standard. In 1926 Dr E.F. Anderson working for General Electric worked out the first practical commercial model TV set. Practical is a relative term however. The set was as big as a dresser but the screen was only three inches square and was still blurry and jumpy, it also required the viewer to synch up the images and sound. However it did work (more or less) and by 1928 he had the screen up to a respectable fourteen inches.

By 1927 sound had been added and the first political speech was made by Secretary Of Commerce (later President) Herbert Hoover in a short address from Washington to some radio executives in New York. Hoover was notoriously reticent as a public speaker but President Calvin Coolidge was even more mic shy and gave few radio speeches and no TV appearances at all. In the 1928 elections Democratic Presidential candidate Al Smith was a much more enthusiastic speachmaker and allowed TV cameras into the Democratic National Convention to show his acceptance speech in the election he would soon lose to Hoover.

SILENT FOOTAGE OF AL SMITH AND THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION OF 1928;


In 1928 a station in Schenectady, New York run by engineer and hobbyist Hugo Gernsbeck, who published "Televison", the first known journal on the new medium, began the first regular broadcast schedule in America consisting of radio broadcasts overplayed with the station's call-sign, still and moving pictures and shots of moving windup toys like Felix The Cat. The resolution was still quite blurry and the audience restricted to a handful of engineers and hobbyists. General Electric also had a station in Schenectady which began broadcasting in 1928 with more proper programming including the first TV drama; a one act play called "The Queen's Messenger". The schedule for both stations probably amounted to only a few hours a week.

By July 1930 NBC was ready to begin public broadcasting to the NYC and Schenectady areas with their new station W2XBS. The grand opening show featured Emcee radio announcer Nils Granlund, boxing champion Primo Carnera, singers the Forman Sisters, and actors Lionel Atwill, Gertrude Lawrence, Louis Calhern and Francis Upton for a four hour show. The broadcast got poor reviews due to it's blurry picture and other technical problems. In 1931 CBS followed suit with their new station W2XAB which had fewer bugs. CBS also went for a bigger showbiz splash by having a cast of players and guests that included New York's flashy Mayor Jimmy Walker, singers Kate Smith, The Bowswell Sisters, George Gershwin and other popular figures from Broadway and radio. CBS also filmed the even for the movie newsreels. It is this latter footage that remains today as there was not yet any way of saving the actual images. There were still only a few hundred TV sets in America capable of receiving this broadcast. There was also a station in Los Angeles, W6XAO, operating as a UHF station for a tiny audience.

NEWSREEL OF NBC/RCA'S FIRST BROADCAST pt1;


NEWSREEL OF NBC/RCA'S FIRST BROADCAST pt2;


At this point television was still a novelty and would have had little interest to anyone other than a few engineers and hobbyists. There were not more than a few TV sets in the USA and those capable of receiving this signal would have to be in New York City and Schenectady, NY where the radio and TV labs were located. The picture quality which was clearly inferior to that of film and to improve this the number of resolution lines was increased to 120, then 160 and eventually to 245. But the image was still blurry. In 1936 the new electronic cathode ray as opposed to mechanical spinning disk projector was unveiled in New York. It would have 343 lines and be much clearer. This would replace all mechanical spinning disk models and later would increase picture quality even more. The set was still huge and the screen was still rather small so some models would project a reverse image onto a large mirror. It looked ungainly and was expensive but modern television had arrived. All it needed was programming.

FOOTAGE OF THE OLDEST WORKING CATHODE RAY TELEVISION IN BRITAIN;


There were now several hundred sets in America, still in the New York area. None of these early broadcasts have been saved and details are sketchy but it would appear that most consisted of music, newsreels, puppet shows and talk shows essentially borrowed from the radio, with some of the same hosts. They only produced a couple of hours a day for their tiny audiences. By 1938 NBC was ready to do a full drama production of a Broadway play; "Susan & God" with it's original cast of Gertrude Lawrence, Paul McGrath and Nancy Coleman with full sets. This was successful enough that other stage plays would follow. For the New York World's Fair in 1939 NBC was ready to go with the opening address by FDR and later King George VI followed by the first true variety show that included big band Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians, (the first jazz on TV), composer Richard Rogers and some long forgotten performers; Macy Westcott, Marjorie Clark, Earl Larimore and David Moore. There would also be the first televised cartoon (Donald Duck), the first musical (a Gilbert & Sullivan), the first baseball games (between Columbia and Princeton and the first pro game between the Cinncinatti Reds and Brooklyn Dodgers), the first football game (between Fordham and Waynesburg Colleges), the first boxing match (between Max Baer and Lou Nova) as well as tennis and spelling bees. NBC had already had the first live news event quite by accident when a fire broke out on Ward's Island within sight of a camera crew who were set up at a swim meet, giving NBC the first news "scoop". CBS replied by showing the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and by expanding into a new city; Albany, New York's state capital.

FRED WARING AND HIS PENNSYLVANIANS (CIRCA 1950's):


By 1940 there were about 7000 TV sets in America, mostly in the New York, and Schenectady areas, (there were more than one station in each city) but the actual viewership was higher since some sets were were giant screens placed in movie theaters. There were also stations in Los Angeles, Washington, Philadelphia and in Wisconsin "The Milwaukee Journal" newspaper applied for a license. Each station could in theory reach a radius of forty to fifty miles depending on atmospheric conditions and the size and location of an antenna. The 1940 Republican convention (which nominated Wendle Wilkie) was broadcast in it's entirety for the first time. He would follow Al Smith's curse by losing to FDR in the election that would have it's returns fully reported on TV. 1940 would also bring the first hockey game (NY Rangers 6 - Montreal Canadians 2), basketball (University of Pittsburgh 50 - Fordham U 37) the first opera ("Pagliacci"), the first circus (a three hour show from Madison Square Gardens) and the first TV commercial (for Bulova Watches). NBC would show the first aerial view by putting a portable camera on a plane and flying it around New York City to show the Statue Of Liberty, Empire State Building, Brooklyn Bridge and World's Fair Grounds. By the end of the year both NBC and CBS were experimenting with colour, not very successfully. NBC by that point was airing a variable schedule of between twenty to fifty eight hours a month depending of factors like the length of sports programs or concerts like operas. The programming breakdown was 33% news, 29% drama, 17% educational with the remaining 20% presumably divided between sports and music.

THE FIRST TV COMMERCIAL (FOR BULOVA WATCHES);


In 1941 the FCC, after some study decided to officially license the two New York stations as WNBT (NBC) and WCBW (CBS) for a minimum of four hours a week but they were actually doing fifteen. Of course by this time World War Two was in full swing in Europe stopping TV development in much of the world except Germany. After Pearl Harbour (which CBS presented a three hour documentary of, the first of it's kind) TV broadcasting was also severely curtailed in America as the FCC limited broadcast times so that the signals could not be used to direct enemy planes or submarines to their targets. NBC and CBS also suffered an exodus of scientists, engineers, technicians, producers and performers as they were drafted into the war effort and essential materials were restricted by the government. TV set production was stopped for the duration. In spite of this one new network managed to get in under the wire when in 1942 the DuMont Network started up with stations in New York, Schenectady and Philidelphia. Using a bare bones budget and a small but loyal staff DuMont managed to run a full schedule and attracted such stars as band leader Fred Waring, singer Dick Haymes, and actors Henry Morgan, Paul Winchell, Jerry Mahoney and Louise Ranier.The first TV documentaries were filmed along with the first specifically written TV musicals ("The Boys From Boise") and dramas ("Patrolling The Ether") and an entire opera ("Hansel & Gretel"). Not surprisingly much of the content was geared towards the war effort with news reports, propaganda, training films for Air Raid Wardens and sub watchers. The networks also aired programs into large TV sets placed in Army hospitals to boost morale. In spite of these efforts by the war's end there were still only about 7000 TV sets in the entire country, centered in just a few cities. However returning servicemen had now heard of or even seen the new sets and were ready to go on a buying spree once the wartime bans ended.

A SURVIVING CLIP OF A 1939 AMERICAN TV SHOW;


Few if any examples of Pre-World War Two American TV were saved and none appear to survive in proper form. This above clip (circa 1939) and was probably saved by someone pointing a home film camera at a TV screen. This explains the poor resolution and lack of sound. The original broadcast would have been clearer and with sound, albeit still in black and white. The program appears to be a costume drama or musical, it has been identified as "The Streets Of New York" a play from the 1870's that was in public domain. The cast are are unknown. This aired live in 1939.

ARMY FILM ABOUT TELEVISION 1945;


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Televison in Pre-War Britain;

A PRE-RECORDED DEMONSTRATION FILM FROM BBC ON A 1930's CATHODE RAY TV;


(This clip includes BBC announcers Jasmine Bligh and Elizabeth Cowell along with band leader Chaim Greenbaum, golfer Dean Whitcomb, a tap dancer, a fashion show, singer/pianist Anne ?, a ball room dancing couple)

Britain in the 1920's and 30's had certain advantages over the USA. Firstly being the home of John Baird, the pioneering TV engineer fostered a community of like minded engineers. Additional the BBC had an effective monopoly it could focus it's resources and need not worry about TV becoming a future competitor for it's radio network. The BBC could also count on government support for licensing and patents. The BBC was broadcasting a fairly full schedule of programming approximately four to five hours per day by 1936 (two full years before there was a regular broadcast schedule in America) covering a variety running the spectrum of news, music, comedy, sports, politics, educational and children's programming to approximately 12,000 to 15,000 TV sets in Britain by 1939, more than double the number in America. Many of these were in pubs and hotels which boosted the number of viewers. The stations were almost entirely in London aside from a few experimental stations and hobbyists. However Britain's compact size compared to the USA meant that more parts of the country could be reached.

NEWSREEL OF THE FIRST BBC TV BROADCAST FROM 1936;


"TV COMES TO LONDON" DOC MADE FOR TV AND FILM NEWSREELS 1936 pt1;


"TV COMES TO LONDON" 1936 pt.2


The BBC developed it's own stars especially Jasmine Bligh, an announcer and newsreader, this being more than thirty years before American stations would trust a woman newsreader. Despite a good start Britain's TV's would go dark on September 1, 1941 in anticipation of war after the British government delivered an ultimatum to Hitler which would lead to a declaration of war. The military was concerned that the signals could be used as navigational beacons by enemy bombers. The BBC signed off with an announcement from Bligh and a Mickey Mouse cartoon followed by some final test signals. The station would not return to the air until June 7 1946 with Jasmine Bligh again greeting everybody and replaying the same Mickey Mouse cartoon from 1939.

A SURVIVING CLIP FROM BBC NOVEMBER 1938;


The BBC was sadly negligent in archiving it's programming up to the 1950's. This odd clip was saved by chance in 1938 when atmospheric conditions caused some programming to be picked up in New York City where some quick thinking person grabbed a portable cine camera and filmed the screen. There is no sound in the clip and there is no way of knowing if the sound was still audible to the viewers in America. The clip contains random fragments of various shows including;
00:00 ~ A man & woman sing a duet, apparently in western costume
00:26 ~ A woman address the camera, clearly reading from a script (news reader Jasmin Bligh)
01:21 ~ Another woman in close up (identified as possibly Elizabeth Cowell, another announcer, although she appears to be emoting or singing rather than reading and she has dramatic darkened lighting compared to the even overhead lighting used for Bligh)
01:23 ~ A man & woman in 18th century costume sing a duet (a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta?)
01:57 ~ A grinning man in a turban with mustache and goatee addresses the camera (a Madrake The Magician type for a children's show?)
02:24 ~ A man puts on a hat
02:26 ~ An unknown cartoon
02:39 ~ Station ID

Even taking into account the limitations of this clip and the previous demo clip it is clear that the BBC was broadcasting at standards comparable to those in America after World War Two and some time thereafter.

JASMINE BLIGH INTRODUCES THE RETURN OF BBC TV IN 1946;


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GERMAN PRE-WAR TELEVISION

Television broadcasting was a bit slower in Germany at first even though there were a number of engineers working on the problem. Broadcasts started in 1929 but were both blurry and silent until 1935 when proper broadcasting began. By that time the Nazi's were in power of course and Joseph Goebbels was quick to spot the propaganda value of the new media and arranged for numerous viewing stations in Berlin and Hamburg to be set up so the public could watch. Originally broadcasting for ninety minutes a day this meant that Germany had a more regular schedule than in America and more viewers even though there were far fewer actual sets in private hands. When the 1936 Berlin Olympics began they were able to broadcast up to eight hours a day. In 1937 they added a third station in the "Free City Of Danzig" (now Gdansk, Poland) which while in theory an independent city-state was in fact controlled by the Nazis.

CLIPS OF NAZI TV CIRCA 1936-1944


The programming of the German stations was comparable in some ways to that of the BBC, with notably less serious content. It is usually assumed that Germans were bombarded with a constant barrage of hateful anti-semitic propaganda. In fact this is not entirely true. Joseph Goebbels had discovered that most German's disliked a diet of strident harangues and instead gave them light, frothy escapist entertainment. Popular German films of the time tended towards glitzy costume dramas and musicals, light comedies, chaste romances, adventure stories (westerns were always popular), concert recitals and operas, puppet shows, sports and oddities like Sherlock Holmes movies which were so popular that they made at least three Holmes films. The political content of most of this was slight albeit with a noticeable nationalistic slant. Some Nazi propaganda did of course get included but the overall tone was light. Since most TV sets in Germany were in public places rather than homes they had to entice people to go out to see them just like the movies so there was similar content. At any rate Goebbels preferred to distract people with bread and circuses and keep them complacent rather than riled up. (It's worth noting that while Britain, and even Canada imposed rationing as soon as the war started Germany did not until after the Russian invasion stalled, for fear of harming morale). This remained the case at least until the war started to go badly around 1942 and 1943 when the propaganda machine turned progressively more hysterical in it's tone with more histrionic newsreels and such epic war films as the notorious "Kolberg". This concern for civilian morale explains a major difference between the Allied and German wartime tactics. While the British shut down all TV broadcasting as soon as the war started for strategic reasons, and the USA would later do much the same, Germany kept her stations running for most of the war. Goebbels obviously felt that the propaganda value was more important than the risk that the signals could be used by Allied bombers. Not that they had much trouble finding Berlin anyway. In spite of the propaganda value seen in television not enough progress had been made by the war's start and Goebbels had to shelve his ambitious expansion plans to concentrate on radio and film which could still reach far more people than TV. As Germany was increasingly bombed and it's territory invaded broadcasts petered out in late 1944.

A SURVIVING CLIP FROM GERMAN TV CIRCA 1938;


This clip was saved by the same process as the previous clips; someone pointed a camera at a TV set. It may have in fact been picked up in Britain, as sometimes happened when certain atmospheric conditions occurred. There is no sound and like the BBC clip it is a mashup of random show fragments including;
00:01 ~ Berlin station ID
00:05 ~ Man on screen addresses camera reading text
00:09 ~ Man in 18th century costume gestures broadly and appears to possibly be singing (perhaps Baron Munchusen, the subject of a popular German movie of the era)
00:19 ~ A group of girls in folk costume dance
00:22 ~ Another costume drama with a man who appears to be dressed as Napoleon
00:27 ~ Male and female acrobats dance on rollerskates
00:30 ~ Tango dancing couple
00:32 ~ A man sings and plays the piano (looking oddly like Cole Porter)
00:37 ~ Female acrobat

MORE NAZI TV;


. The basic content and quality of German TV of the Nazi era as shown by these clips is easily comparable to that of American or BBC TV shows.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`

PRE-WAR TV IN FRANCE;

The French were one of the top film-making nations from the start of the medium and were quick to spot the potential of TV, if a little slow to follow through. Experimental broadcasting had begun in 1929 with a weekly one hour show called "Paris Television" finally being aired in December 1932 to little fanfare. It became a daily show a few months later. The reception was a crude 60 line mechanical definition and the number of TV sets in Paris would be counted in the dozens rather than hundreds or thousands.

After this low-key start a more official launch was worked out in Febuary 1935 with a gala show featuring Cabinet Minister George Mendel, actress Beatrice Bretty and emcee Susy Winkler. Like the BBC and unlike the Americans or Germans, the French used female announcers from the beginning. The reception was improved to a more standard 440 lines or more. However not until 1937 did the amount of programming increase to add another four hours a week, considerably less than the Americans, Germans or BBC. The signal was only available in Paris (with a 100 k radius) and there were still only about 300 sets in the area, although some were placed in common areas to boost viewership. We don't know much about the programming but the fairly limited schedule suggests mostly music and some light comedy and drama.

As in Britain all TV broadcasts were suspended when war broke out but the fall of France actually benefited French TV as the Germans occupied Paris. As stated earlier the Nazi's placed great faith in the propaganda value of TV which outweighed concerns that Allied bombers could use the signals to navigate to their targets. Accordingly they not only allowed Vichy officials to resume broadcasts they also increased the amount of programming to five and a half hours a day. The Germans also shipped in a thousand TV sets, many of which were placed in soldier's hospitals. It can be assumed that some of the additional programming was therefore in German. The signal's power was also increased and could at times be received in Britain. The Vichy/Nazi broadcasts continued until August 1944 and after Paris was liberated Free French broadcasts resumed until the end of the war.

PRE WAR TV IN THE USSR;

The Soviets had been the first to spot the value of film propaganda as early as the 1917 revolution and in The USSR experimental broadcasting had begun as early as 1931 from Moscow with a crude 30 line definition signal. This signal was upgraded in 1937 using equipment bought from RCA with regular broadcasting starting the next year. Details on programming are scant but we can assume a variety of patriotic shows. The number of sets is unknown but probably a few hundred. There would have been few sets in private hands (and that mostly being party officials) with the bulk of the sets being in public areas. Like the Germans the Soviets spotted the propaganda value and continued broadcasting throughout the war however unlike other countries who stopped all production and experiments for the duration, the Soviets were able to actually improve the picture definition in 1944.

A 1958 ENGLISH LANGUAGE SOVIET DOC ABOUT TV IN THE USSR;'


PRE WAR TV IN ITALY;

Like France and Germany, Italy was a pioneer in early film production and Mussolini was eager to exploit the propaganda value of film and television after taking note of the German usage. Accordingly experimental broadcasts began in 1934 from the large theatre in Turin and later Milan and Rome. Not until they got an upgrade in technology from the Germans did regular broadcasting begin from Rome and Milan in July 1940. The programming was apparently irregular and focused on various entertainment events as they occurred. There were probably not more than a couple hundred or so TV sets in the country and the broadcasts suddenly ceased in May 31 1940 as The Duce prepared for war. The Germans took back the transmitters and broadcasts would not resume until the war's end.

PRE WAR TV IN POLAND;

The Polish government was always keeping a close eye on Germany so when the Germans started a TV station in Danzig in 1937 the Poles were ready with their own station. Originally this used the crude mechanical signal with poor resolution but they were able to upgrade to the standard resolution by 1939, Details on programming are unknown but it was probably a minimal schedule and there must have been few TV sets, a hundred at most. The start of the war in September put an end to all broadcasts. The Germans do not seem to have made use of the Warsaw station so presumably either the transmitter was wrecked by German bombs or the Poles destroyed it to keep it out of German hands.

PRE WAR TV IN OTHER COUNTRIES; There were only a few other countries doing any television broadcasting at all in the pre-war years.
CANADA; In Canada experimental broadcasts had begun in 1931 from McGill University in Montreal but development was slow and there was no regular public broadcast and there were few TV sets, certainly no more than a few dozen. Canada did have a small independent film-making industry since the 1920's (most famously with Nell Shipman's silent cliffhangers) and had a number of radio stations in every city, but unlike Britain and America there was at first no national radio network until the CBC was formed in 1932 as the CRBC. Canada had in fact been hit particularly hard by the Great Depression and there was no electronics firm large enough to underwrite the large investments required to develop further and little government interest in TV until after the war.

THE FIRST HOCKEY NIGHT IN CANADA ON TV~ 1953


AUSTRALIA;

Having access to the British experiments gave Australians a head start on other countries and experimental broadcasts had taken place in Australia as reportedly as early as 1885 in Melbourne although these were almost certainly still images without sound. Actual television, using the mechanical spinning disk system, began sporadically in 1929 from the Menzies Hotel in Melbourne. Later After 18 months of test transmissions, regular broadcasts began in Brisbane on 6 May 1934 using a 30-line system, to an estimated 18 receivers around Brisbane. The test transmissions, which were of 1 hour duration each day, were made by Thomas M. B. Elliott and Dr Val McDowall from the Wickham Terrace Observatory Tower. The programs included news headlines, still pictures and silent movies such as the temperance film Horrors of Drink. The Commonwealth Government granted a special license and permission to conduct experimental television by VK4CM, in July 1934. By 1935, it expanded to 180 lines.Other experimental transmissions followed in other cities. There would have been no more than a few dozen TV sets in the country. The broadcasts were shut down when the war came and did not resume until 1948.

MEXICO; Mexico also had a locally successful film industry (it's most famous exports being the low budget horror movies, even lower budget stag films and a much admired version of Dracula filmed in 1931). More famous was a radio business known for their notorious "Border Blaster" stations with signals so powerful they could reach all the way to Canada and the Caribbean where artists like The Carter Family, Jimmy Rodgers, Bob Wills, Milton Brown and Aimee Semple McPhearson went to reach a national American audience. Mexican engineers did some experimental broadcasts starting in 1935 but with only a handful of sets with most citizens to poor to buy them and a government too strapped to invest in new technology, they would wait until after the war to begin public airings.

JAPAN; Japan had been making films in large numbers since the silent film era. Although these films were unknown in the West Japanese films films were not only produced for domestic use but were also popular for export throughout Southeast Asia, especially Thailand. Television began limited airings in 1939, details are sketchy but there must have been few sets, probably in the dozens. They would have to cease all activity once they entered the war against America in 1941.

SWITZERLAND; Probably the last country to do any broadcasting before the war was Switzerland who, taking note of developments in Germany, started some test broadcasting in 1939. There programming mus have been limited as there were few sets. The broadcasts were reportedly only in German. If the atmospheric conditions were right Swiss TV sets could have picked up German broadcasts. The war shut off access to technology and materials from other countries and regular broadcasting would not start until 1953.

SWEDEN; As noted John Baird did do some demonstration broadcasts in Sweden as early as 1930 with thoughts of expanding there as he did in France however there does not seem to have been any followup before Baird's mechanical system was superseded by the rival electronic scanning system and full television in Sweden would have to wait until 1954 by which time Swedes who owned TV's could already watch programming from countries like Britain, Germany and Denmark who had resumed broadcasting or in the case of Denmark started in 1951.

A BBC DEMO DOC ABOUT THE RETURN OF TV IN 1946 pt1;


BBC DEMO DOC pt2;
BBC DEMO DOC pt3;


BBC DEMO DOC pt4;


BBC DEMO DOC pt.5;


BBC DEMO DOC pt.6;


BBC DEMO DOC pt7;

Art Ford's Jazz Party

The first decade or so of American network television (approx 1949 to 1960) are also the last Golden Era of Jazz. At the start of era the Swing Bands were on the way out but there were still plenty around, more importantly there was BeBop on the East Coast, Cool Jazz on the West and various Jump Blues, Latin Jazz, Post Bop and Avant Garde Jazz and by the sixties we had Free Jazz. Yet surprisingly little of this made it's way on to TV. Still less has survived. A notable exception is "Art Ford's Jazz Party".

"ART FORD'S JAZZ PARTY" (w/guests Roy Eldridge, Buck Clayton & Stuff Smith);


Buster Bailey ~ Clarinet
Buck Clayton ~ Trumpet
Roy Eldridge ~ Trumpet
Herbie Green ~ Trombonist
Johnny Guarnieri ~ Pianist
Bill Henderson ~ Vocalist
Stuff Smith ~ Violin
Osie Johnson ~ Drums
Harry Sheppard ~ Vibes Player

Art Ford was a New York radio DJ who also had a minor career hosting various TV shows in the 1950's such as "Art Ford On Broadway", "Country Music Holiday", "Who's Whose" (a game show) and "The Art Ford Show". Unlike some other music show hosts of the time (looking at you Dick Clark) Ford had a genuine interest in and knowledge of music. "Art Ford's Dance Party" was his brief 1958 attempt to bring real Jazz to the masses.

"ART FORD'S JAZZ PARTY" (w/Coleman Hawkins and a guest appearance by actor Jackie Cooper on drums);


Coleman Hawkins ~ Tenor Saxophone
Mary Osborne ~ Guitar
Maxine Sullivan ~ Vocals
Alec Templeton ~ Piano
Teddy Charles ~ Vibes
Hank D'Amico ~ Clarinetist
Morey Field ~ Drummer
Tyree Glenn ~ Trombonist
Johnny Windhurst ~ Trumpet
Art Goldberg ~ Bass Player
Roland Hanna ~ Pianist
Jackie Cooper ~ Drums

The format was barebones simple; a plain stage with simple lighting with a collection of notable jazz figures playing music. And that's it. The show was hosted by Art Ford who was smoothly affable if a little stiff. "Jazz Party" would boast such luminaries as Coleman Hawkins, Kenny Burrell, Teddy Charles, Buck Clayton, Roy Eldridge, Roland Hanna, Billie Holiday, Dick Hyman, Abby Lincoln, Ben Webster, Stuff Smith, George Lewis and Lester Young. Many of these artists made their only known TV appearance on this show which makes it a valuable resource.



"ART FORD'S JAZZ PARTY" IN NEW ORLEANS;


Cast;
George Lewis ~ Clarinet
Punch Miller ~ Trumpet
Alphonse Picou ~ Clarinet
Sweet Emma Barrett ~ Piano
Peter Bocage ~ Violin
Louis Nelson ~ Banjo
Slow Drag Pavageau ~ Bass
Paul Barbarin ~ Drummer

The data on the show is contradictory. Apparently only six episodes were shot, of which three survive. It's listed as being ninety minutes long but two of the three surviving full episodes are a half hour long and the other is fifty minutes. It's possible the episodes were put together for some airings. Wikipedia claims the show was produced by the DuMont Network which is impossible since the show was produced in 1958 and 1959 and DuMont went off the air in 1955. The order the shows went out is also contradictory depending on the source. The "Complete Guide To Network Television" by Tim Brooks does not list the show at all which suggests that it was purely a syndicated show which was probably run late at night and only in certain areas, ie not in the Jim Crow South. Everyone does agree that the show was also broadcast on the Armed Forces Network, both radio and TV. Art Ford died in 2006.

Edgar Allan Poe In Silent Film

Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most influential writers of the Victorian Era and it is no surprise that early film makers would take inspiration from his stories. As early as 1909 DW Griffith made a short film simply called "Edgar Allen Poe", (spelling mistake included) which showed Poe writing "The Raven" and trying desperately to sell it to support his sick wife. It is mostly notable for the actor's amazing resemblance to Poe. Starring Barry O'Moore as Edgar Allan Poe and Linda Arvidson as Virginia Poe. Arvidson was also Griffith's wife at the time.

"EDGAR ALLEN POE" (1909);


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Later in 1909 Griffith was ready to make a stab at an actual Poe story with a film called "The Sealed Room", which while not directly a Poe story, was obviously based on Poe's well known "The Cask Of Amontillado" as well as "The Black Cat", and a Balzac story "La Grande Breteche"

"THE SEALED ROOM" ~ 1909;


CAST;
Arthur V. Johnson ~ The King
Marion Leonard ~ The Queen
Henry B. Walthall ~ The Minstrel
Linda Arvidson ~ Lady In Waiting
Mary Pickford ~ Lady In Waiting
Gertrude Robinson ~ Lady In Waiting
William J. Butler ~ Nobleman
Vernon Charles ~ Nobleman
Owen Moore ~ Nobleman
George Siegmann ~ Nobleman?
Mack Sennett ~ Soldier?
George Nichols ~ Workman
Anthony O'Sullivan ~ Workman

DIRECTED BY D.W. GRIFFITH

PLOT SYNOPSIS (SPOILER ALERT);
In early 18th Century Europe a King is holding court in his castle with his wife who is having an affair with the court Minstrel. The King has recently had built a new private room for his wife which he proudly shows off. It is luxuriously furnished but has only one door. The Count is becoming suspicious of his wife. A Nobleman bursts in and summons the Count over some sort of emergency. The Count and most of the court hurriedly depart leaving the two lovers alone. They retreat to frolic in the private room. The King returns and spots them without their knowledge. He is enraged and is about to charge into the room sword drawn when he instead orders his workmen to seal up the door with heavy bricks. Inside the room the couple continue to happily kiss and lounge about unawares. After the wall is finished they try to leave and discover they are trapped, they panic and trash about until they suffocate and die while the King stands outside and gloats. Finis.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This was a typical one reeler quickie of the era, one of hundreds Griffith made between 1908 and 1913 for Biograph Studios. Obviously he worked fast and this was probably done in a couple of weeks. The Biograph films were shot in an indoor studio in New York and the set looks typically stage bound with some of the backgrounds obviously being painted backdrops. However the sets and especially the costumes are quite detailed.

The cast contains several Griffith veterans including Poe lookalike Walthall, Leonard, Johnson, Gertrude Robinson and George Siegmann but is noteworthy for some of the small roles including Griffith's first wife Linda Arvidson as well as cameos by future stars Mack Sennett and Mary Pickford along with Pickford's husband Owen Moore. Biograph films did not list cast or directors (which is one of the reasons Griffith and most actors eventually left) so the cast list may not be entirely accurate. For example; Sennett is listed as a "Soldier" but none of the soldiers resemble the stocky, pug-nosed comedian, however he could easily be one of the workmen. Ditto for the hulking Siegmann. It is certain that all these major names listed above were filming with Griffith at the time however. Arvidson was probably not happy being regulated to a minor supporting role, especially as she was already an experienced stage actor, although never a star. Griffith insisted on keeping their marriage a secret and he never in fact gave her a decent starring role. This was not surprisingly a source of friction between them and was a factor in their eventual divorce.



In 1914 Griffith quit Biograph unhappy over low pay, lack of credit and Biograph's refusal to let him do larger projects. He would head to California and take much of his actors with him.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Two years later Giffith would use one of Poe's best known, and most filmable, stories; "The Tell Tale Heart" as inspiration for a full length movie "The Avenging Conscious". For good measure Griffith also combined the Poe story with one of his poems "Annabelle Lee" for what would be Griffth's only full length horror film. It would also appear to be the first full-length horror film in America. There had previously been film versions of "Frankenstein" in 1910 and two versions of "Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde" in 1914 and 1915 as well as the afore mentioned "Sealed Room", but those were short one reel versions. In Europe some early full length horror films were made, among those which have survived include the 1911 Italian film "L'Inferno" based on Dante's "Inferno" which has some spectacular scenes of demons and devils but no real plot or characters. Much better were the German films of Expressionist pioneer actor/director Paul Wegener; "Der Golem" and "The Student Of Prague" in 1913-14. Both films would be remade in better known versions in the 1920's; "Der Golem" by Wegener himself in 1920 and "The Student Of Prague" in 1926 by Henrick Galeen with the great actor Conrad Veidt. There are other European films of the era which have been lost which have titles using words like "Vampire", "Monster" or "Phantom" but that may not have been meant literally. For example most of the "vampires" of the titles actually refer to "vampish" women like Theda Bara or the thieves as in the 1916 French serial "Les Vampires". Oddly for some reason the Americans seemed to have shown little initial interest in horror as a genre other than the three shorts mentioned above. The influence of various censor happy religious groups and even governments may have been a factor in this. The notorious and powerful censor official Anthony Comstock had only died in 1915 and it would not take much to get a film banned. Films that had an obvious literary basis such as "Frankenstein", "Mr Hyde" or Poe's stories would be pretty easy to defend though.

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THE AVENGING CONSCIENCE (1914);


CAST;

The Nephew ~ Henry B. Walthall
His Sweetheart ~ Blanche Sweet
The Uncle ~ Spottiswoodie Aiken
The Italian ~ George Seigmann
The Detective ~ Ralph Lewis
The Maid ~ Mae Marsh
DIRECTED BY D.W. GRIFFITH

PLOT SYNOPSIS (SPOILER ALERT);

A young man works for his uncle, they live in a large gloomy house. He is in love with a neighbor girl who he calls Annabelle Lee after the Edgar Allan Poe poem. He is an avid reader of Poe's stories especially "The Tell Tale Heart" and dreams of becoming a writer. The Uncle refuses to allow them to wed on the grounds that he has supported his nephew and is owed "a few years of service". Annabell visits and the Uncle insults her and orders her away. She leaves followed by the Nephew after an argument with the Uncle who then trails them. The couple go to a garden party where they briefly meet a mysterious stranger. Also at the party are another couple, a Maid and a Grocer's Delivery Boy. The party includes a full orchestra and a routine with a Roman dancing girl and a bored toga wearing Nero figure. The Maid is tempted by a male party guests but finally agrees to marry the Delivery Boy. They leave together. The Uncle arrives and witnesses the Maid and Delivery Boy's happiness, he feels guilty and leaves. On his way home he sees a family in their yard playing with their baby. The baby waves at him and he waves back. He feels more remorse.

Annabelle and the Nephew also leave the party. They discuss the situation and decide they can not see each other again. Depressed, they go home separately. The unhappy Nephew sits and watches a spider catch and devour a fly and ants swarm a beetle. He decides to kill his Uncle. Meanwhile the Uncle has arrived home, he is also depressed. Feeling guilty over his treatment of his nephew he prays for guidance. He falls asleep at his desk. The Nephew arrives home after meeting a passing large Italian handyman who is looking for work. The Nephew sends him away.

The Nephew arranges to have a note delivered to the Uncle luring him to meet a man who owes the Uncle money. The Uncle leaves alone and goes off on foot into the countryside passing by some friends at the general store. The Nephew follows at a distance making sure to stop by the General Store and draw attention to the Uncle's walking over a hill in the distance, then he joins the men in the store to give himself an alibi. The Uncle arrives at the house of the man from the note but he is puzzled to find him not home. The Uncle returns home, this time unseen since the men from the General Store are now gone. When he arrives home he is tired and falls asleep at his desk. The Nephew arrives home and decides to kill the Uncle, he considers shooting him but after thinking about it he backs down as the Uncle awakes. The Nephew demands money so he and Annabell can leave. The Uncle indignantly refuses and a fight breaks out. The Nephew strangles the Uncle to death. Unbeknownst to the Nephew the Italian has returned in time to see the murder through the window. The Italian blackmails the Nephew who agrees to pay. After the Italian leaves the Nephew decides to hide the Uncle's body by bricking him up in the fireplace. The Nephew then goes out and pretends to search for his missing Uncle, one of the Uncle's friends is suspicious and warns a Detective, who turns out to be the mysterious stranger the couple met at the party. The Detective agrees to stakeout the Nephew's house.

Annabelle Lee arrives and visits the Nephew who has received his inheritance. While they are kissing the Uncle's ghost rises from the fireplace and points an accusing finger at the Nephew. The Nephew is upset but Annabell can not see the Ghost, the Ghost disappears. She is worried that he is losing his mind and she leaves. Once he is alone the Nephew laughs off the Ghost and goes to sleep. The Ghost returns and haunts the Nephew who is distraught and believes he is losing his mind. The Nephew has himself sent to a sanitarium.

The Nephew returns home while the Detective watches from a distance. The Nephew pays off the Italian and he then hires him to spy on the Detective. The Nephew has become paranoid and shows the Italian how he has made the barn into a fortress with guns and an escape tunnel. The Italian leaves. The Nephew visits Annabell, he convinces her that he is cured and they kiss. However he is struck by more visions and flees home. He has religious visions where he is confronted by Moses holding the Ten Commandments and Jesus on the cross. He prays for guidance.

The Detective arrives to question the Nephew. As he does he has brought a posse who search the area, including the barn where one discovers the hideout and trapdoor escape, which he nails shut. Meanwhile the Nephew warily invites the Detective in and agrees to talk. As they talk the Nephew begins to get nervous and imagines he hears the Uncle's beating heart in the ticking of a grandfather clock, the Detective's pencil drumming and toe tapping. The Nephew get increasingly fidgety and distraught as the Ghost returns and re-enacts his death. Once again only the Nephew can see the Ghost. The Nephew hears noises from inside a cupboard and opens the door. Inside he sees a vision of Hell with Demonic figures surrounded by Hellfire. He sees a vision of himself bound to a chair and accused by a figure of death. He confesses to the murder. He struggles with the Detective and flees chased by the posse led by the Italian. The Nephew runs to the barn hideout where he barricades himself in and a shootout ensues with the posse until he runs out of bullets. The Nephew tries to pry open the trap door to his escape hatch but can not. He decides to hang himself. The posse breaks down the door and takes him into custody. Annabelle has heard of the standoff and runs to the barn in time to see him dragged off. She kills herself by jumping off a cliff over the seashore.

We are back in the Uncle's study where the Nephew awakes from his sleep, he has been dreaming. The Uncle enters, he is alive. The Nephew is shocked and relieved, he confesses his dream to the Uncle. They reconcile and embrace. Annabell arrives, the Uncle gives them his blessing, they will be married.

Annabell and the Nephew are seen sitting together on the cliffs overlooking the sea. He has announces he will become a writer, and he reads from Poe's poem "Annabelle Lee". As he does they dream about a sylvan forest with the Greek God Pan playing on his pipes while nymphs and cupids dance. Fade out.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Plot-wise the film is a sprawling mess. Characters appear and disappear without explanation whenever the plot needs them such as The Detective & The Italian. Others exist solely to provide some sort of moral counter-point as with the Maid and the Delivery Boy who also appear then disappear without explanation and have no other purpose to the story, nor do they have any actual interaction with any other characters. These characters have no existence outside being plot contrivances. Who is that Detective for example, and why is he even in town at all? Is he an official policeman or a private eye? Why does he seem suspicious of the Nephew the first time he sees him even though he hasn't actually done anything wrong yet? Why does the Italian switch from being a blackmailer to posse leader? Why does the Nephew go from fearing the Italian to trusting him?

There are also a number of glaring plot holes, some quite jarring. Take the Nephew's trip to the sanitarium; in one minute he leaves, then in the very next scene he returns home "cured"! How long was he gone? A weekend? A month? And what about that detective who was staking out his house while he was gone? Did he stay there the whole time? Why didn't he just take the opportunity to break in and have a look around? What about that posse member who finds the Nephew's hideout and nails the trapdoor shut? Why doesn't he tell anybody what he found? The final reconciliation between the Uncle and Nephew is particularly silly. It's one thing for the Nephew to be relieved to discover that the he dreamed the whole thing and the Uncle is still alive. But is quite another matter for the Uncle to be overjoyed to hear that the Nephew has dreamed about murdering him and hiding his body. That's really being an awfully good sport.



Some of these problems may be blamed on the no doubt too rapid shooting schedule. Griffith shot this film in 1914, that same year he shot four other full length films and he was also making preparations for his major opus "Birth Of A Nation". Granted Griffith was always in a hurry, but by even by his standards that is a full plate to carry. Perhaps some plot details got left behind in the rush to finish. It can also be pointed out that since the most of the film is a dream, plot loopholes and lapses in logic can thus be explained away. That argument has also been use for such other dream sequence horror movies as "The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari" (1919), "Genuine" (1920), "Waxworks" (1924), "Invaders From Mars" (1953) and even "Robot Monster" (1953). Considering Griffith's well established taste for cheap melodrama and cheaper sentimentality this is probably too generous a reading but if the film is simply taken by itself it's not a totally unreasonable argument.

Some thought that Griffth was misguided to take two Poe stories that had nothing whatever to do with each other and try to connect them in the first place. In addition he fundamentally misunderstood the "Tell Tale Heart" by making it into a love story while the original character had no such motivations and was clearly an insane paranoid who killed without motive. On the other hand while it is true that the story is clearly influenced by Poe's "Tell Tale Heart" it is not really a recreation of that story. Instead the main character is obsessed with Poe and dreams of being a writer himself. He is shown reading the original story so it's plausible that he might fixate on the story and have a dream about it. Note that it is he that names the girl after Annabell Lee, we don't know her actual name. Incidentally while modern audiences might find it odd that none of the characters have actual names and are instead referred to by their roles such as "The Uncle" and "The Italian", 1914 audiences would not have found this unusual. This was normal with Griffith at this time when character's were presented as archetypes rather than fully fleshed out people. This made it easier to tell stories with no dialogue by letting the audience know who a characters was and keep track of them with a minimum of explanation. Later audiences would come to accept and expect more complexity.

The film does show many of Griffith's weaknesses; his simplistic view of the world and his reliance on Victorian morality and sentimentality and his choppy storytelling method. This is shown in the characters of The Maid and Delivery Boy. Besides providing a good example for the Uncle they only exist to contrast their wholesome courting with the decadence of the garden party with it's salacious Roman dancing girl and it's fat, bored Nero character. This sort of moralizing appealed to the small town, Protestant and urban immigrant working class America that provided the backbone for Griffith's audience. This audience enjoyed a view of the upper crust as being decadent and frivolous, thus over the top drunken parties were a common feature in films of the era. It's worth noting that the guests at the party are well dressed and presumably well off, by contrast as the Uncle returns home he passes a wholesome all-American family in their yard playing with their wholesome all-American baby which leads to his real change of heart. It's also worth pointing out that as is also usual in such pictures Griffith lingers lovingly over the decadence, just to show how wrong it was of course. Victorian morality left plenty of room for such prurience, provided there was a lesson involved at the end and either the bad characters would repent or get their just deserts. Cecile B. DeMile would later specialize in this sort of thing.



In spite of these caveats the film has plenty of strong points to make it worth seeing, besides being the first American full length horror film. The ghost sequences are particularly well done, with the dead Uncle's first appearance as a ghostly hand reaching out of the fireplace an immediate attention grabber. This was obviously done using a basic double exposure which was not actually a new trick having already been around for a few years and been done by the German filmmakers. However Griffith made excellent use of it here and audiences of the day must have been suitably impressed. They must have been even more impressed with the scenes of a dark, burning Hell populated by animal headed demons and animated skeletons, a scene that still looks stunning. The religious imagery of the guilty conscience scene is also effective if a little overheated to non-Christians. Even the garden party with it's Roman dancing girl is oddly attractive if out of place. The scene with the spider and the fly and the swarming ants is also well done. The climactic shootout however is oddly perfunctory for a director who about to film the dramatic battle scenes for "Birth Of A Nation". As for the closing Garden of Eden scene; that is just plain weird and even more out of place than that bored Nero at the party.

The best sequence by far is the long interrogation between the Nephew and the Detective. Griffith is often accused of lacking subtlety (with good reason) but here he is masterful. The scene builds slowly with the Nephew first seeming wary but casual then steadily becoming more nervous. He fidgets and his eyes dart as he begins to imagine that the ticking of a grandfather clock sounds like the beating of a heart. Then he begins to fixate on the Detective's pencil drumming on the table, then the Detective's toe tapping. The Nephew gets more fidgety and agitated even before the ghost returns. The editing become more fast paced. Then he hears a noise behind a cupboard door and opens it to find a portal to Hell. By the time the dead Uncle shows up to accuse him he is ready to snap. Considering that this is a silent film Griffth's ability to evoke the sound of the beating heart with rapid fire cross cutting is impressively done.

Some of acting is worth pointing out, especially Spottswoodie Aiken as the Uncle. Tall, stoop-shouldered and craggy with flyaway hair, full mustache and eyepatch he easily dominates the screen. He also possesses the subtlety to show his character's ambivalence. He may be a foul tempered, crotchety old bastard but he is not at heart a bad man and his change of heart as he sees other happy couples and realizes how unfair he has been is plausible. Henry Walthal as the Nephew has some good moments as he becomes more unhinged. Walthall was a veteran of the Biograph Studio films (including "The Sealed Room") and Griffith would later use him as the noble Confederate Colonel in "Birth Of A Nation". Annabell is played by Blanche Sweet, an actress used by Griffith in other films to play a girl next door type, she would go on to a long career that would stretch into the 1950's. The rest of the cast is made up of Griffith regulars such as Mae Marsh who would go on to the classic films "Birth Of A Nation" and "Intolerance". George Siegmann was another Biograph vet who had also appeared in "The Sealed Room" in a small role.

After 1914 Griffith would focus on his epic films "Birth Of A Nation" and "Intolerance". After the commercial failure of the latter film he spent the rest of his active life trying to restart his career but financial losses and changing tastes made him seem like a quaint dinosaur. His small town Victorian morality and sentimentality, simplistic characters and creaky storytelling seemed dangerously out of touch to the more sophisticated audiences in the 1920's. In the comming of the sound era he had one last success with a bio of Lincoln which was a hit at the time but is regarded today as simplistic and wildly inaccurate. It was all downhill after that. He developed a drinking problem and eventually became unemployable. He died in 1948.



======================================================

Alice Guay Blache was not only a pioneering female film-maker, she's a pioneering film-maker period. Starting in France in 1896 before moving to the USA in 1910 she was one of the first to make proper films that lasted longer than a few minutes and told a proper story. She was an early innovator with using closeups, double-exposures, running a film backwards, using various editing techniques, and even early sound experiments. She also shot the first film with an all black cast. Among her films were the first version of "The Hunchback Of Notre Dame" (1905, now lost), one of the first films of at least a half hour in length, "The Life Of Christ" (1906), the charming "Falling Leaves" (1912) and "The Vampire" (1915) starring Olga Petrova as the Vamp, a sexual predator. She also shot a version of "The Pit & The Pendulum" in 1913.

While the story is one of Poe's classics it is easy to forget it is actually only a short story with very little plot or back story. The intent of the story is to portray the horror of the nameless protagonist's ordeal which it does in great detail. Poe doesn't really explain how the hero got put into the dungeon other than referencing the Spanish Inquisition. To film the story however Blache decided to extend the back story to include a prologue where the hero (now given a name) is shown as being framed as the victim of a jealous rival who has joined the Inquisition. Thereafter he is put through various tortures as laid out in Poe's story including being strapped to a board covered by a horde of real rats as the pendulum descends. Accounts of the time rated the film's effects as gruesome and horrifyingly realistic but unfortunately we will likely never get to see it as the film has been mostly lost except for a seven minute fragment from the beginning of the film that has survived. 

THE PIT & THE PENDULUM (1913)


Directed by Alice Guay Blache
CAST;
Alonso ~ Darwin Karr
Pedro The Inquisitor ~ Fraunie Fraunholz
The Girl ~ Blanche Cornwall

Aside from the short fragment all we have are some film stills and lobby crads. What we have left is not enough to really judge the film by, which is a shame because the sets were praised and what we can see shows more detail than the Griffith film "The Sealed Room" and one still of the actual pedulum looks promising enough for it's time. The cast are made up of regulars from her studio none of whom would become famous. They are merely servicable enough with Fraunholz being a suitably conniving villian although Karr as Alonzo looks too old and bulky to be playing a character described in the film as a "medical student". Also Guay changed the timeline of the story which Poe put during the Napoleanic Wars and instead seems to place the story in the early 1600's. This is not really a problem though as others have pointed out Poe was in error to place his story almost a hundred years later when the Inquisition was over.

Blache herself continued to make movies until 1919 when she was struck by the Spanish Flu pandemic and while she survived her recovery was slow. She was divorced by her husband and business partner, went bankrupt and had to sell the studio and equipment. In 1922 she returned to France, never made another film and was largely forgotten until historians started to take an interest in her life and works in the 1940's fortunately she lived to see this dying in 1968 aged 94.



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"THE RAVEN";


Plot Summary (spoiler alert);
Directed by Charles Brabin
CAST;
Henry B. Walthall ~ Edgar Allan Poe
Warda Howard ~ Virginia Clemm/Helen Whitman/The Lost Lenore
Ernest Maupain as John Allan
Eleanor Thompson as Mrs. Allan
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Clemm (credited as Marion Skinner)
Harry Dunkinson as Tony
Bert Weston as Slave

The film opens with a montage of Edgar Allan Poe's ancestors from the time they arived in America up to his parents who were actors. His father having died when Poe was a child Poe is adopted by John Allan and takes his name. Skip ahead fifteen years and the young adult Poe is a drunken gambler who has squandered his inheritance in a card game. He challeneges another player (who looks exactly like him) to a duel and shoots him before the duel is revealed to be a nightmare vision. Poe is expelled from West Point Academy and John Allen refuses to pay off Poe's debts. Poe is competeing for the affections of Virginia Clemm with Tony, a friend and drinking buddy. While courting Poe tells her a story about a romance with a Robin Hood type character and a forest girl who are brought together by a Pan type figure. Walking home Poe and Virginia witness a man beating a slve and Poe intervenes and buys the slave using an IOU which an angry Mr Allan has to pay. Poe and Tony are both still courting Virginia but eventually she chooses Poe and Tony graciously backs out and they remain friends. Mr Allan kicks Poe out of the house over his debts. Virginia goes with him as does the former slave. Poe and Viginia move in with her mother as he tries to make a living as a writer but he is unable to sell any of his stories and they live in poverty. Virginia's health suffers and she develops consumption. The former slave, who has remained with them, goes out into a winter night for firewood and does not return. Virginia dies leaving Poe grieving in which he is visited by visions of Virginia. Helen Whitman is a wealthy woman who looks after an older relative who dies. She visits the cemetary where Poe remains at Virginia's graveside where she meets him. Poe mistakes her for one of his visions of Virginia and follows her home. Poe falls in love with her but then realizing his mistake he flees. At home he passes out and has a vision of being visited by a great black raven, the spirit of Virginia who implores him to stop drinking and the Pearly gates closing on him. Poe resolves to quit drinking and is inspired to begin composing the poem "The Raven" and the entire poem is recited in the inter-titles. As he finishes he falls to the floor dead. Finis.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
In spite of it's title this film is not actually a dramatization of the classic poem but instead is a fanciful biopic of Poe which climaxes with him composing his most famous ode. The version of Poes life does feature some actual historical figures including his family, wife Virginia and Helen Whitman who Poe was romantically linked with after Virginia's early death. However few if any of the details here are true with one notable point being the potrayal of Virginia who was in fact only thirteen (and Poe's second cousin) when they married and not the mature, flirtatious twenty-something we see here. It may be that the filmmakers were conscious of this and purposely decided that making Virginia an actual childbride would be too creepy for modern audiences although it was perfectly legal (if uncommon) during Poe's day. Then there is the scene where Poe intervenes to stop a slave from being whipped then buys him from his abusive master, going into debt to do so. Needless to say none of that was even remotely true. Poe's attitudes towards slavery are a little hazy. As a Whig from the slave state of Maryland he was a moderate who thought that slavery was on balance a bad thing but also detested abolitionists as dangerous fanatics who might provoke a civil war. He certainly was not going around freeing slaves even if he could have afforded to do so which he could not have. The rest of the story is more convetionally fanciful, exagerating his lack of success as he trudges to a publishers offices only to get brushed off and composes "The Raven" under the influence of a ghostly bird then dies upon completion. There are is also an extended secene where Poe recites stories which are acted out as flashbacks. It would have probably been impossible to make a film based on the actual "Raven" anyway as it's a poem not a story and has only a thread of a plot. much of the direction is strictly rote with intertitles informing us of the next scene which is then potrayed in a straightforward manner. Too much time is spent on running through a perfuctory gallery of Poe's ancestors to further pad out the time. However amongst these very conventional scenes are a few more imaginative shots starting with a weird scene where Poe has a dream where he plays cards with himself, loses to himself and challenges himself to a duel before waking up. Even Poe himself might have approved of this. There are even a couple of nicely done artistic scenes including a shot of Poe as a shadow profile looking like a magic lantern shot, a shot of Poe at Virginia's grave that looks as if it were from a Bergman film and another graveshot shot that looks like a Pre-Rapaelite painting. The scenes of Poe being visited by Virginia's ghost and the ghostly Raven are competently done with conventional double exposures. However the early scenes of Poes ancesters are pointless, the clumsy attempts at comedy during Poe's courtship of Virginia fall flat and at odds with the rest of the film and the choice to have Virginia and Helen Whitmore played by the same actress (Warda Howard) is odd and distracting. The film is too rambling and diffuse and the plot too simplistic to be considered a success but it has enough oddities to be interesting.
Poe is played by Henry B Walthall, from "The Avenging Conscience" and best known for starring on DW Griffith's "Birth Of A Nation". He does naturally resemble Poe so was probably an obvious choice and he does a credible job as the older depressed grieving Poe. Virginia is played by Warda Howard who was probably in her early thirties and over a decade older than the actual Virginia. Note that the (entirely fictitious) Slave character is clearly played by a white actor in blackface and he plays him as a stereotypical shuffling, loyal Uncle Tom but none of this was unusual at the time and while certainly patronizing it is not nearly as hateful and racist as in "Birth Of A Nation". The director was Charles Brabin who would also make "The Mask Of Fu Manchu" (1932) but is probably better remembered if at all for marrying Theda Bara.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

ANNABEL LEE (1920);
This American film from 1920 is far more obscure than the Griffith film and it's only due to the vagueries of time and unknown film collectors that it survives at all. As a Poe adaptation it hardly qualifies instead using Poe's 1849 ballad poem as a framing device to introduce a story that has more in common with Robert Louis Stevenson, Joseph Conrad or Herman Melville.

ANNABEL LEE;


Directed by William J Scully
CAST;
David Martin ~ John O' Brien
Annabel Lee ~ Lorraine Harding
Colonel Lee ~ Louis Stern
Mother Martin ~ Florida Kingsley
Happy McGurt ~ Ben Ross
Donald Grainger ~ Ernest Hilliard

PLOT SYNOPSIS (spoiler alert);
David Martin is a young fisherman and aspiring poet living in Martha's Vineyard with his widowed mother. Annabel Lee is a wealthy heiress who lives with her father, Colonel Lee in a mansion overlooking the sea. David and Annabel are in love but Colonel Lee objects to a marriage. Colonel Lee insists that David and Annabel spend a year apart before he will consent to their wedding. They agree. David decides to chart a ship and search for treasure lost when his father, a ship's captain, went down with his ship in the Pacific. Before leaving David leaves Annabel a copy of poems he has written. While he is gone Colonel Lee tries to encourage Annabel to marry Donald Grainger, a wealthy publisher. Annabel convinces Grainger to publish David's book of poems one of which is the ballad "Annabel Lee".
David's ship is a schooner whose crew includes first mate Happy McGurt, and Joe Ling, a Chinese cook and about a dozen sailors. McGurt is a burly, bad tempered, hard drinking bully who constantly picks on the happy-go-lucky Ling. David stops McGurt from beating up Ling and threatens to have him tossed in the brig. McGurt warns David that the crew is weary of the fruitless treasure hunt and want to return home. Meanwhile back in Martha's Vineyard Annabel and Mather Martin continue to wait for David's return. Each night Annabel leaves leaves a light in her window. Annabel begins having nightmare premonitions. After several months at sea, led by McGurt, David's crew mutinies and sends David and Joe Ling adrift in a lifeboat. They wash-up on a deserted desert island and are stranded. Ling eventually dies of jungle fever, presumably malaria.
Back in Martha's Vinyard Annabel and Mother Martin continue to wait for David's return. Colonel Lee continues to encourage Grainger to woo his daughter. One day a telegram arrives from Chile informing Mother Martin that David's ship has been lost at sea with all hands. McGurt had been rescued and survived long enough to lie and report that David had died at sea. Annabel is grief stricken and retreats to her house with Mother Martin who becomes her adopted mother figure. Annabel spends her days walking the dunes along the shore pining for David. Colonel Lee and Mother Martin are concerned for her mental state. After an unknown number of months a passing ship rescues David and he returns home without informing anyone. David returns home to be greeted by Mother Martin and Annabel. Colonel Lee welcomes him as well as David and Annabel are reunited.
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As stated the movie has little or nothing to do with Poe's poem which is too short to be adapted into a film anyway. One particularly glaring change is giving the story A HAPPY ENDING! Pretty sure that's not what Poe had in mind. As we have seen Griffith had previously used "Annabel Lee" in much the same way in "The Avenging Conscience" and it's a pretty safe bet director William Scully and screenwriter Arthur Brilliant were well aware of this earlier better known film. The actual plot owes more to "Robinson Caruso" than anything by Poe. The direction is competent but nothing more and other than a couple nice of shots of Colonel Lee's shadow lurking over David and Annabel and some later shots of Annabel waking in a stormy night among billowing curtains there is little flair for atmosphere although there are some pretty outdoor scenes. The inter-title cards are well illustrated in the melodramatic style of many American films of the era as opposed to European films. More distracting are scenes with the Joe Ling character of the Chinese cook who exists mostly for comic relief and to make David look noble. He is shown as a racist stereotype Chinaman, cringing, servile and stupid (albeit loyal) who speaks in pidgin English. Note that the unknown actor playing Joe Ling is clearly not Chinese although that sort of Minstrel Show portrayal of non-white characters by white actors was not unusual in American films of this era. Similarly McGurt is a Irish stereotype, drunken and brutish. There are also some odd plot loopholes; the Martins are described as "poor" but their house is well furnished and he clearly has enough money to outfit a schooner to fund his treasure hunt. Characters disappear without explanation such as Grainger. However audiences at the time may not have cared about such details as the films of Griffith and DeMille show.
The cast are obscure and were not even big names at the time. Leading man John O'Brien actually had a long career stretching back to 1910 but with no notable films to his credit and mostly as a support player in comedy shorts. Similarly Louis Stern as Colonel Lee was another journeyman actor going back to 1916 with a small role in the 1924 Paul Leni/Conrad Veidt Gothic Horror classic "The Man Who Laughs" and a Tarzan film as his only notable film credits. Both actors saw their careers end around the time sound films came in. Lorraine Harding had only three more films to her credit, none notable, although this might mean she spent the bulk of her career as a stage actress. She is the only actor here who leaves any sort of impression. Harding is noticeably different than the usual heroines of DW Griffith such as Mary Pickford, Florence La Badie, Blanche Sweet and the Gish Sisters. They were petite, spunky, girl-next-door types with long blonde ringlets and china doll faces, while Harding is curvier with dark hair, a sculpted face and and dreamy air. She looks somewhat like a moodier version of Olive Thomas. Director William Scully directed only three more films but he did have a long career as a journeyman assistant director into the 1940's with no important films to list.
The film itself is decent enough on it's own merits but is no lost classic and adds little to the Poe canon.

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"THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER" ~ (TWO VERSIONS) 1928 & 1929;

Poe had been popular with the literati in France for years after being championed by Charles Beaudelaire and his symbolist successors like Arthur Rimbuad and Paul Verlaine. At the turn of the century the great composer Claude Debussey had made fitful attempts to put Poe's works to music but failed to finish the project before his death in 1918. Therefore it was fitting that French Impressionist filmmaker Jean Epstein would make a version of "The Fall Of The House Of Usher" in 1928. By this time sound had been introduced the previous year but there would be a couple of years before the transition would take full effect and even longer to make the unwieldy new sound equipment more portable to allow for moving camera-work so Epstein's decision to make a silent version was understandable. The film mostly follows the plot of the original Poe short story;

"THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER" ~ 1929 (FRENCH VERSION);


CAST;
Jean Debucourt ~ Roderick Usher
Margaritte Gance ~ Madeline Usher
Charles Lamy ~ Allan
Fournez-Goffard ~ The Doctor
Abel Gance ~ Inn Keeper (?)

DIRECTED BY JEAN EPSTEIN

PLOT SYNOPSIS (spoiler alert);
A nameless young man arrives at a run down castle owned by an old friend, Rodrick Usher, and his sister, Lady Madeline. The castle is gloomy and rundown, the Ushers are pale, neurotic, depressed and frail. They are also the last of their line in a once powerful and noble family. One night while the young man (who also acts as Narrator) seeks to comfort his ill friend, Roderick reveals that Madeline has died and been interred in the basement crypt. The distraught Roderick is haunted by visions and sounds of his ghostly sister. The Narrator at first assumes Roderick is hallucinating until he begins to hear sounds as well. Roderick becomes convinced that Madeline is not dead and was interred while still alive. As Roderick runs down to open her crypt she reaches out and pulls him inside. As the Narrator flees the castle suddenly begins to crumble and collapse falling into a pile of rubble. The Narrator sadly rides away. Finis.

The story, while short on plot, is rich in atmosphere with long, detailed descriptions of the furnishings and appearances of Roderick and the crumbling castle. Poe draws comparisons between the portraits of Usher's noble ancestors and the weak Roderick and the now rundown and decadent state of the castle. There are also passages of heroic poetry that the Young Man reads to the decidely unheroic Roderick. The story was inherently filmatic and resulted in two versions done in rapid succession, both done in the Expressionist style. While not normally thought of as an Expressionist director, Epstein had obviously been paying close attention to such directors as the Germans F.W. Murnau ("Nosferatu" "Faust" and "The Haunted Castle"), Robert Weine ("The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari", "Genuine", "Crime And Punishment" and "Orlock's Hands") and Paul Leni ("Waxworks", "The Man Who Laughs" and "The Cat And The Canary") as well as the Scandinavians Victor Seastrom ("The Phantom Carriage" and "The Outlaw And His Wife"), Benjamin Christenson ("Haxan") and Carl Dreyer ("Witch Woman"). The film looks much more German than French.

Epstein conveys an atmosphere of decadence and gloom by making expert use of the full arsenal of Expressionist film-making. The castle is even more dismal and oppressive than Count Orlock's from "Nosferatu", which is quite a feat. It sits in the middle of a desolate moor, shrouded in dense fog. The shots of the moor are quite beautiful while the castle is obviously a model. The use of such studio models was common in German films like "Faust", "Metropolis" and "Caligari". The jagged camera angles, jarring closeups and wandering cameras show the influence of Murnau. There are also usual expressionist motifs such as the heavy use of shadows, frequent close-ups of Roderick's nervous clutching hands, staircases that lead into (and from) the darkness and inanimate objects appearing to come to life. Note the mass of candles dripping wax tendrils and the vines creeping spider-like up the walls. The Doctor character is a classic Expressionist heavy with his long tight black coat and stiff collar and his bald head, thin lipped glower and eyes hidden behind impassive glasses.



There some stunning scenes; the long sequence where Roderick plays guitar and sings a sad ballad is inter-cut with scenes of a long hallway and it's billowing curtains, books cascading slowly from their case while leaves blow across the floor. It's a scene that would right at home in Stanley Kubrick's "The Shining". Then there is the funeral scene of the internment of Lady Madeline's coffin, with a long march across a misty moor while her veil trails out behind while a superimposed image of burning candles hovers over all. This scene is probably too psychedelic even for Kubrick and is more in David Lynch territory. One reason Epstein probably chose to film as a silent was that the cameras in 1929 were not mobile enough to make an Expressionist film which is also one reason why the Germans, Swedes and Danes stopped making them. In fact this film is really the last great Silent Expressionist Horror film. Two years later Carl Meyer would make the cult classic "Vampyr", which was not technically silent, but it has so little dialog, and what little dialog that remains is so muffled, that it might as well be silent.

While this film probably best captures the atmosphere Poe evoked there are a couple of notable changes Epstein made to the story. Firstly there is the character of the Narrator. In Poe's original story he is a fairly young man roughly the same age as Roderick and Madeline whom he grew up with. For some reason Epstein changed him to an old man with stooped shoulders and hard of hearing (he is constantly shown cupping his hand to his ear and asking Usher to repeat himself). There is no particular reason for this change and it alters the dynamic between the characters. In the Poe story the character is nameless (as were many of Poe's characters) while here he is given Poe's own name. More glaring is the ending which has the Ushers escaping the house as it collapses. In the Poe story Roderick and his sister are claimed by the house, in fact the title of the story, "The Fall Of The House Of Usher" has a double meaning, referring both to the physical building as well as the Usher dynasty, or "house". Poe makes clear that Roderick and Madeline are the last of their once powerful line. Poe draws attention to the portraits of the ancestors; noble and impressive, compared to the current generation; weak, decadent, effete and hopeless. The Ushers are a symbol of the declining aristocracy. In the film Madeline confronts Roderick then faints and he carries her from the crumbling castle as it collapses. By having them survive Epstein undermines the entire point of the story. Is it possible that the Frenchman did not understand the full meaning of the title? Or did he chose to change it himself for some unknown reason? There are plenty of examples of movies having their endings changed and made more positive ("The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari" and "The Last Laugh" being the most notorious) but there is no evidence that Epstein was forced to do so for such a non-commercial film. Note that the great French director Abel Gance (already famous for his epic "Napoleon") is included in the cast but the role is not listed, presumably he plays one of the guests at the Inn or the Coachman since there are no other roles.



Although this film has long been considered a classic there is some argument as to what school this film should belong to. Epstein was associated with the French Impressionists while the Expressionists were associated with Germany and Scandinavia. However as pointed out this film has all the hallmarks of Expressionism in both theme and style. The film is dark, moody and claustrophobic and deals with themes of madness, obsession, death, decadence and implied incest, as indeed does Poe's story. Whereas Impressionism is light, airy, and ethereal, even when Impressionist painters dealt with topics of decadence (such as subjects like Degas' "Absinthe Drinkers" or Manet's "Bar At The Folies Bergeres") the treatment still finds the ethereal beauty. This film however is as black as anything in "Nosferatu" or "Caligari". It is probably a better example of Expressionism than Fritz Lang's sprawling and erratic "Metropolis", which has at least as much Futurist elements to it as Expressionist. In the end for some the distinction between Expressionist and Impressionist is more about country of origin, if it's French then it's Impressionist, if it's German or Scandinavian then it's Expressionist. The same is true of Dada vs Surrealism, the first is mainly German while the second is French, but what does one do with the Frenchman Marcel Duchamp who is much more the former than the latter?

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1929 VERSION;

Around the same time that Epstein was filming his version in France another Expressionist version was being filmed in America.

"THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER" ~ 1929 (AMERICAN VERSION);


Cast;
Herbert Stern ~ Roderick Usher
Hidergarde Watson ~ Madeline Usher
Melville Webber ~ A Visitor
DIRECTED BY JAMES SIBLEY WATSON

Plot-wise this film is also stays faithful to the Poe story. Style-wise it is Expressionism to excess, perhaps the only true American example of this quintessentially European genre. This version is basically all shadows and fog, jagged lighting and camera angles and stark Art Deco/Gothic sets that seem to be simplified versions of those used by German director Robert Wiene in his classics "The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari", "Genuine" and "Crime And Punishment". The sets are made to come to life at times to accentuate Poe's claustrophobic atmosphere. Watson also makes good use of camera tricks used by German Dadist director Hans Richter like double exposures to portray the nightmarish state of Usher's mind. The actors rely on the usual stagy emoting style along with some over-the-top makeup. All this riot of art-damaged stagecraft comes at the expense of plot or character, the character of the nameless visitor, fairly important in the story, barely shows up at all. In fact is fair to say that any viewer not already familiar with the original Poe story would find it impossible to make any sense of this film. Luckily it's also fair to say that Watson was safe in assuming that most contemporary viewers had indeed read the story already.



James Sibley Watson was a unique character in film history. He was in fact a respected doctor from a wealthy family with no film or theatre background. His mother was a noted arts patron and Watson would have a serious interest in literature becoming an editor of "The Harvard Monthly" in 1916 and later an avant garde arts magazine "The Dial" in 1918 where he would champion the works of poet e.e. cummings who he would also befriend. By the 1920's "The Dial"y was winding down but Watson had developed an interest in film and met another amateur film enthusiast, Melvile Webber, with whom he began to collaborate. After making a short documentary about Indians in Canada they made their version of "House Of Usher" in 1928, coincidentally at the same time that Jean Epstien was making his version in France, although it is not clear if Watson and Webber were aware of Epstein's film. Watson's wife Hildergarde appeared in the film as Madeline with Webber as the nameless visitor. Another partner in the film was composer Alec Wilder who wrote a score for the film. The trio would make another avant garde film; "Lot In Sodom" in 1932, also as a silent. Hildergarde would again appear. This film was another exercise in Expressionism along with an influence from "Salome", the notoriously decadent 1923 Art-Nouveau film of Alla Nazimova and Natacha Rambova. Watson and Webber would make a couple of short industrial films that experimented with different types of film stock and lenses and then Watson abandoned film altogether to experiment with the development of X Rays on film where made several important discoveries. During World War Two he returned to medicine. In later years he would retire from medicine to return to literature and would start his own publishing house called The Sigma Foundation. He died in 1982.

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THE TELL TALE HEART (1928);


This American short is another art film done in the Expressionist style and is and even more obvious tribute to the classic German film "The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari" from the start of the decade. There is no need to sumarize the plot as it follows the original Poe story quite faithfully including using some of the dialogue from the story. The film's distinction lies in it's recreation of the look and feel of German Expressionism and "Dr Caligari" in paticular. To call it a tribute hardly does justice to it's stalkerish devotion to the master. Every detail is obsessively note-perfect from the sets to the camera effects. We even have Caligari's iconic jagged angled doors and furniture, painted-on backdrops, and skyline made of ramshakle plywood rooftops. In fact some shots are lifted straight from Robert Wiene's film. Note the shot of the narrator strangling to old man and the shot afterwards of him sitting on the floor which copies the scene of the criminal sitting in his jail cell. The montage scenes of floating eyeballs and disembodied words copy the Dada films of Hans Richter. The only notable difference between this film and the earlier German film is in it's costumes which are quite conventional. All this done to excellent effect as German style Expressionism is not surprisingly the perfect medium for Poe's story of a disordered mind and one wonders how using a similar approach would have might have worked with some of his other tales. This film is almost German than most German films of the of the twenties since the heyday of unrestrained Expressionist imagry in German film had peaked by the mid twenties. However while this film was made in America it comes by it's affection for German films honestly enough as it's director Charles Klein was in fact German with a fairly short career in both America and Germany making a few features and some shorts. The leading man playing the mad killer/narrator was a Danish actor Otto Matieson who bares a not coincidentally resemblance to a distraught Poe himself leading us to both have greater confidence in (as we recognize him) and yet question the reliability of the narrator as we obviously know Poe was not actually a killer. Matieson already had a long career in Denmark and would also appear in a supporting role in "The Maltese Falcon" dying in 1932.


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"THE OVAL PORTRAIT" ~ 1932

This short film is an odd curio. First of all it is not even listed on IMDB, which normally includes even hopelessly out of print films. Even odder it is a silent film apparently made in the early 1930's, long after sound films were standardized everywhere, at least in the western world. The answer seems to be in the credits where it states that it was produced by The Department Of Cinematography at The University Of Southern California. It would appear that the film was made either as a teaching aid or a class project to illustrate the use of film, lighting and editing to tell a story without dialogue.

"THE OVAL PORTRAIT" (circa 1934);



CAST;
Evan Shaw ~ A Young Artist
Isabel Vecki ~ His Wife
Richard Salisian ~ An Old Man
Ray K. Immel ~ The Butler
DIRECTED BY RICHARD BARR

PLOT SYNOPSIS (spoiler alert);
It's a dark and stormy night as an Old Man returns to his desolate mansion on an isolated hill. He goes to bed reading by candle-light, he stares longingly at a portrait of a young girl as he falls asleep. He dreams about a young artist who sits in a meadow painting. A pretty Girl rides up on horseback, it is the girl from the portrait, he is smitten and they marry. The artist learns of a painting contest and decides to enter a portrait of his wife. He sets obsessively to work while she sits for him. Weeks pass as he paints, his wife becomes sickly and weakens. He takes no notice and paints on. As he finishes in a rush she dies. We are back in the Old Man's bedroom as he wakes and stares once again at the portrait of the girl. He slumps over dead.

The film closely follows the plot of Poe's original short story, which is actually one of his shortest, covering only a couple of pages. Such a short story wouldn't normally be thought of as good film material however this is a short film and the story was noteworthy as an obvious influence of Oscar Wilde's "The Portrait Of Dorian Grey" as the painting sucks the life out of the young life as it is painted.

The film may not have been intended for general release but it is perfectly professional and even displays some textbook examples of restrained Expressionist film making in the opening segments featuring some effective shots of lightning and shadows. While later we also see some French style Impressionism in the dream sequence with it's brightly lit meadows. One weakness is the melodramatic music which is not that unusual in films (and radio shows) of the early 1930's, although here it is especially overbearing, probably to over-compensate for the lack of dialog. Accordingly for this video I replaced the blaring organ with a moodier electronic soundtrack. The cast and director do not appear to have any other film credits except for Isabel Vecki who made a few more minor films in the 1930's. Actually if this film had been made a decade earlier in the silent era it could have easily been given a general release, assuming there was enough material to be found in Poe's very short story that is.

"THE MASQUE OF THE RED DEATH";

A few ringers; These modern amateur short films do a surprisingly effective job of capturing the feel of a silent era gothic horror film.

"THE MASQUE OF THE RED DEATH";


"THE RAVEN";


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